2008年硕士研究生入学考试英汉同声传译专业试卷

一、将下列段落译为汉语(25分)

Outside Europe, the most important powers in 1939 were undoubtedly Japan and the United States. Japan was at the time already deeply involved in hostilities with China. After seizing the northern provinces of that country in 1931 and organizing them into the puppet state of Manchukuo, Japan had tried to protect its rich loot and to expand its influence in China by a series of interventions, particularly in the rest of northern China. These steps had not surprisingly produced a rising tide of anti-Japanese sentiments in China, which in turn led the Japanese to embroil themselves even more deeply into Chinese affairs. When this tendency to interfere in China was combined with a degree of internal confusion and incoherence within the Japanese government that made the Chinese warlords of the time look well organized, new trouble was almost certain to follow. (141 words)

二、将下列短文译为汉语(50分)

Inflation: China’s least wanted export

When inflation starts to kill people then it is a serious problem. Three people died and 31 were injured on Saturday in a stampede to buy cut-price cooking oil in the western Chinese city of Chongqing. China can no longer explain away inflation as a short-term result of floods and epidemics of animal disease ? nor can it ignore the strains its macroeconomic policies are producing.

Cooking oil is a special case ? its price influenced by demand from China’s glut of new biofuel refineries ? but the broader price of food has risen in recent months by more than 15 per cent compared with a year earlier. Floods and other acts of God have had their effect, as has the global rise in wheat prices, but there are structural forces at work as well.

Nor is inflation confined to food any longer: producer prices are creeping up. The PPI for manufactured goods was up 3.2 per cent in October ? many steel products rose by more than 10 per cent ? and the PPI is likely to go even higher when the recent 10 per cent hike in the controlled pump price of diesel feeds through. Given the likelihood that more state-controlled prices will have to rise, and given that the official inflation data do not properly capture important prices, such as the cost of education, the real situation may be even worse.

That is a worry for the rest of the world, used to enjoying the “China price”, a seemingly open-ended deflationary pressure on the world economy. The surge in Chinese inflation since June has barely fed through into export prices yet ? but it will. China’s currency has also been gently appreciating, but so far improvements in productivity have meant that Chinese manufacturers have not needed to raise export prices. If currency appreciation speeds up, that will change.

The renminbi may have to rise faster because the tools that China is using to tackle inflation have not worked. Bank reserve requirements were hiked again over the weekend, to 13.5 per cent, but the strain on the banking sector’s profitability will start to tell. Interest rates have risen repeatedly, but with CPI inflation above 6 per cent, and benchmark lending rates only slightly higher, real interest rates are low.

There must now be a low, but non-zero, probability that China opts for a one-off revaluation of the renminbi in order to ease its domestic monetary problems. That would be the right move. The adjustment would be easier both for China and for the rest of the world if the renminbi had not been kept so low for so long. But the pain of unwinding global imbalances will only get worse the longer they are left. (451 words)

三、将下列段落译为英语(25分)

科学发展观是协调的发展观。唯物辩证法认为，世界是普遍联系的，任何事物的发展必然与其他事物相互联系、相互制约，只有协调好各方面关系，才能实现健康发展;否则，只能是畸形的发展。要实现全面发展，就必须立足新的历史起点，处理好由发展的阶段性特征所伴生的新矛盾和新问题，因此，协调发展是实现全面发展的正确道路和政策途径。协调发展，是指各个方面的发展要相互适应，就是要统筹城乡发展、统筹区域发展、统筹经济社会发展、统筹人与自然和谐发展、统筹国内发展和对外开放，促进现代化建设各个环节、各个方面相协调，促进生产关系与生产力、上层建筑与经济基础相协调。(268字)

四、将下列短文译为英语(50分)

无论如何，创造财富的物质资源，不论其初始分配如何，最终是要通过各种各样的渠道，流入到具有企业家精神的人手里，这是自由市场的一个基本趋势。这些人获得对他人的财富的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。这正是自由市场具有效率的根源。它可以动态地、自发地把资源从资源利用效率较低的人手里转移到资源利用效率较高的人手里。

中国人讲“富不过三代”，其中有一些无奈，但也揭示了自由市场的精髓所在：财富本身并不能充当财富的保障。因为，财富本来就不是财富创造出来的。所以，由于企业家精神积累了财富的人的后代，未必总是能够最有效地利用他们手里所掌握的资源。如果是在身份制社会，这就将损害全社会的资源利用效率。而自由市场向这些家庭提供了足够的制度安排，使之自然地将其掌握资源交给富有企业家精神的人控制。假如他们不愿意这样做，那市场就会无情地淘汰他们，以破产倒闭的方式使其交出对资源的控制权。市场总是顽固地要把资源转移到能力最高的企业家手里。权力控制经济的社会、身份制社会、国有企业制度，都无法做到这一点，因而其经济整体效率必然要比市场配置资源的社会低很多。

所以，假如人们期望市场发挥其高效配置资源的功能，那就根本没有必要去操心成功的企业家退休之时如何安排企业的未来。反正财富、资源是要向具有 企业家精神的人手里集中的，只要市场是自由的，这种趋势无人能够改变。那么，对社会来说，最重要的事情是设计种种健全的制度，让那些不具有企业家精神的人 可以方便地将其资源控制交给富有企业家精神的人，而企业家只要可以充分发挥其企业家精神、其财产权得到切实保障，自然可以发现、创造出这些制度来。(680字)